Volume 93, №3


INDICES OF EFFICIENCY OF MULTICOMPONENT SEPARATION IN CASCADES WITH ASSIGNED EXTERNAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE TARGET COMPONENT

Consideration has been given to the features of introducing indices of effi ciency of cascades based on separation potentials of a multicomponent isotope mixture. Basic forms of potentials of two types have been presented, the fi rst of which is dependent on just the concentration, and the second, through the inclusion of mass numbers of separation factors, ensures the independence of the separative power of separating elements of concentrations. On the basis of a computational experiment, the authors have selected potentials most adequately determining separation-effi ciency indices for cascades that were optimized for the minimum criterion of the overall stream at assigned external concentrations of the target component.  
Author:  V. A. Palkin and E. V. Maslyukov
Keywords:  separation potentials, separative power, multicomponent isotope separation
Page:  489

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ACTIVE THERMIONIC HEAT PROTECTION IN A HIGH ENTHALPY FLOW PAST A SHELL

A mathematical model of the process of unsteady heat transfer of a thermionic heat-protection system in convective heating has been formulated and investigated. The effects of evaporation (emission) of electrons from the surface of the emitter on the drop in the temperature of a composite thermionic heat-protection shell have been demonstrated. The effects of some types of heat-transfer agents in a composite shell on the heat-transfer regimes in a body have been investigated. Qualitative agreement of the computation results with the existing data has been achieved.  
Author:  V. P. Zimin, K. N. Efi mov, V. A. Ovchinnikov, and A. S. Yakimov
Keywords:  thermionic converter, emitter, collector, heat transfer, heat protection
Page:  497

DIFFUSION MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A PLANE AXISYMMETRIC LAYER OF A MAGNETIC FLUID

Processes of magnetophoresis and Brownian diffusion in a suspension of magnetic nanoparticles (magnetic fl uid) in an inhomogeneous magnetic fi eld have been considered on condition that these processes are limited by concentration phase transitions between thermodynamic states of an ensemble of particles. Regularities of these processes have been established with the example of a plane axisymmetric fl uid layer. It has been shown that due to the dependence of the effective thermal conductivity of the suspension on the concentration of particles, these processes may exert a substantial infl uence on the heat transfer through it.  
Author:  V. G. Bashtovoi, A. G. Reks, P. P. Kuzhir, A. Yu. Zubarev, and V. S. Moroz
Keywords:  magnetic fl uid, concentration, magnetic fi eld, magnetophoresis, diffusion, phase transition, heat conduction
Page:  509

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL DIAGNOSTICS OF FRICTION IN A SYSTEM OF SLIDING BEARINGS AT LOW SHAFT SPEEDS

To assess the effi ciency of the method of thermal diagnostics of friction in a system of sliding bearings at shaft speeds of no more than 2π rad/s, friction torque values obtained by solving an inverse heat-transfer problem and measuring with a commercial friction machine sensor have been compared. It has been established that the agreement between the total friction torque values obtained using fundamentally different methods is within 10–15%. The ability of the thermal diagnostics method to identify differing friction torques in each bearing is substantiated by the recovery of their identical values under conditions of difference of the temperature fi elds in the bearings  
Author:  N. P. Starostin and R. S. Tikhonov
Keywords:  polymer bearings, thermal diagnostics of friction, friction torque, friction heat generation, slidingbearing system, heat conduction
Page:  519

METHOD OF CALCULATION AND COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT EXCHANGERS WITH HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY VARIOUS RANDOM ELEMENTS

Consideration has been given to the method of enhancement of a heat-transfer process due to the use of small random metallic elements (packings) in channels of heat-exchange apparatuses. The packings ensure a laminar-to-turbulent transition and a considerable increase in heat-transfer coeffi cients (of 30 to 60 times). Structures of two modern packing elements and their technical data have been given, as well as expressions to calculate hydraulic-resistance and heattransfer coeffi cients. On the basis of a modifi ed method of the thermal number of transfer units, expressions have been obtained for calculation of the tube length and the heat-transfer surface when random packings are used as intensifi ers of the process in the apparatuses. Basic parameters of the obtained expressions are the heat-transmission coeffi cient and modifi ed Peclét (Bodenstein) numbers with the coeffi cients of reverse mixing of heat-transfer agents. Empirical coeffi cients at Peclét numbers have been identifi ed using a diffusion model of the structure of a heat-transfer agent fl ow. The obtained expressions permit taking account of the infl uence of the reverse mixing of heat-transfer agents on the structural characteristics of a heat exchanger. Examples of calculations of heat exchangers without intensifi ers and with random packings have been given. It has been shown that during the heat exchange with different media, the overall dimensions of the heat exchangers are reduced 20 to 25 times. The use of random packings in heat exchangers with media of high viscosity is pressing, since the packings initiate a turbulent regime of fl ow of heat-transfer agents.  
Author:  T. M. Farakhov and A. G. Laptev
Keywords:  heat exchange, enhancement, random elements, calculation method, hydraulic resistance
Page:  527

THERMAL FORCE LOADING OF A PHYSICALLY NONLINEAR THREE-LAYER CIRCULAR PLATE

The article considers the effect of a heat fl ux of constant intensity on a circular, three-layer, nonsymmetrically thick plate subjected to the action of an axisymmetric local loading. The temperature fi eld in the plate was calculated by the formula obtained in solving the problem of thermal conductivity by averaging thermophysical parameters over the thickness of the packet. The materials of the layers deform physically nonlinearly. For describing the kinematics of the packet, the hypotheses of a broken normal are adopted. In thin carrying layers, the Kirchhoff hypotheses are valid. In the normally uncompressed relatively thick fi ller, the hypothesis on rectilinearity and incompressibility of the deformed normal holds. The work of the fi ller in the tangential direction is taken into account. The formulation of the corresponding boundary-value problem is given. Equilibrium equations are obtained by the variational Lagrange method. Boundary conditions on the plate contour are formulated. The solution of the boundary-value problem is reduced to fi nding three unknown functions: of defl ection, shear, and of radial displacement. For these functions, an inhomogeneous system of ordinary nonlinear differential equations is written out. A method of rigid Il′yushin solutions is applied for its solution. Iteration analytical solutions are obtained in Bessel functions at circular and annular loadings. Their parametric analyses are made at different local loadings and for the hinged support of the plate contour. The infl uence of temperature and nonlinearity of the materials of the layers on the displacements in the plate is investigated numerically  
Author:  É. I. Starovoitov, Yu. M. Pleskachevskii, and D. V. Leonenko
Keywords:  heat fl ux, physical nonlinearity, three-layer circular plate, local loadings
Page:  533

SEMIEMPIRICAL MODEL OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER OF TURBULENT GASES

On the basis of the Prandtl semiempirical wall-turbulence hypothesis, the author has substantiated theoretically the possibility of setting boundary conditions to the equations of a mathematical model of turbulent motion and convective heat transfer of a gaseous medium on a coarse grid. It has been shown that the results of numerical simulation are in agreement with experimental data on the heat transfer of air and high-temperature gases in tubes.  
Author:  V. A. Kuznetsov
Keywords:  mathematical model, heat transfer of gases, boundary layer, turbulence, semiempirical hypothesis, adequacy
Page:  543

AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A ROTATING CYLINDER IN THE FORM OF A TRUNCATED CONE

Results of experimental investigations into the aerodynamic characteristics of a rotating cylinder in the form of a truncated cone with a smooth surface and a rough surface have been given. It has been established that the variability of the cross section of the rotating cylinder in an air fl ow in the range of variation in the parameter of conicity 0.25–0.35 ensures a decrease in the drag coeffi cient with the values of the lift coeffi cient being preserved. The results have shown that the presence of the rough surface of the rotating cylinder leads to an increase of 25–30% in the lift. Conditions under which the Magnus effect contributes to the maximum increase in the lift and accordingly the increase in the effi ciency of rotation of the cylinder in the form of a truncated cone have been determined experimentally  
Author:  N. K. Tanasheva, L. V. Chirkova, A. N. Dyusembaeva, and K. K. Sadenova
Keywords:  rotating cylinder, smooth and rough surfaces, drag, lift, Magnus effect
Page:  551

SIMULATION OF THE AVERAGED FLOW OF A METAL MELT IN AN ALTERNATING MAGNETIC FIELD WITH VARIABLE AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY

The movement of a metal melt in an inhomogeneous high-frequency magnetic fi eld is considered. A system of equations with boundary conditions defi ning the diffusion of the magnetic fi eld and the heat conduction in such a melt in the Boussinesq approximation with account of the Joule heat released in the melt and the volume Lorentz forces acting in it is presented. The correctness of the mathematical model proposed is demonstrated. The amplitude distributions of the magnetic fi elds of the eddy currents induced in a metal melt, the velocity distributions of the heat fl ows in it, and the distribution of temperatures in the melt were calculated for the control parameters of its fl ow determined by the frequency and amplitude of the alternating magnetic fi eld acting on it. The conditions under which the structure of this fl ow is completely determined by the parameters of the magnetic fi eld and the problem on determination of the heat and mass transfer in the metal melt can be reduced to the calculation of its forced convection in the Lorentz force fi eld and the temperature distribution in the melt at a defi nite velocity of its fl ow were determined.  
Author:  I. L. Nikulin and A. V. Perminov
Keywords:  induction melting, electrically conducting liquid, alternating magnetic fi eld, magnetic-fi eld diffusion, inductive current, heat convection, forced convection, Boussinesq approximation, Lorentz force, metal-melt fl ow
Page:  556

INFLUENCE OF THE HOMOCHRONISM NUMBER OF THE LIQUID IN A SPHERICAL LAYER ON THE HEAT EXCHANGE IN IT AND ITS MAGNETIC HYDRODYNAMICS

Results of numerical simulation of the nonstationary convective heat exchange in the electrically conducting liquid fl owing in the space between two concentric isothermal spheres are presented. The infl uence of the homochronism number of the liquid on the structure of its fl ow, the temperature and magneto-induction fi elds in it, and the distribution of local Nusselt numbers in the spherical liquid layer was investigated.  
Author:  S. V. Solov′ev
Keywords:  mathematical simulation, nonstationary convective heat exchange, homochronism number, Joule heat dissipation, magnetic hydrodynamics, spherical liquid layer
Page:  567

SIMULATION OF THE INTERACTION OF ICE CRYSTALS WITH THE SURFACE OF A FLYING VEHICLE

A physical and mathematical model of the movement of nonspherical particles in the two-phase fl ow over an aerodynamic body, allowing one to estimate the area of wetting of the body surface by these particles depending on their stochastic orientation in the fl ow, is proposed. On the basis of the heuristic model developed earlier, the coeffi cients of restoring the velocity components of the ice crystals colliding with the surface of a blunt-nosed body were calculated for values of the governing parameters of the collision process varying within a wide range. It is shown that the initial orientation of these crystals in the aerosol fl ow over the body infl uences the trajectories of their movement in the vicinity of the body  
Author:  I. A. Amelyushkin and A. L. Stasenko
Keywords:  spheroids, blunt-nosed conic body, wetting area, restoration coeffi cient, particle scattering
Page:  576

COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION OF SEPARATING FLOWS IN THE AREA OF DISK AND CONE STABILIZERS OF STRIKERS LAUNCHED FROM BALLISTIC INSTALLATIONS

The distinctive features of separating fl ows occurring during the use of various ring shields and cone stabilizers to ensure a steady fl ight of rod strikers have been investigated. The investigations were carried out using numerical calculations, weight tests in a supersonic wind tunnel, and artillery-type ballistic tests. Data on the geometry of separation areas have been obtained, values of the aerodynamic coeffi cients have been identifi ed, and an assessment of the steadiness of structures′ fl ight has been made, which has been confi rmed by ballistic tests under real conditions. Analysis of the conducted mass experiments has shown the possibility of using the investigated aerodynamic devices for stabilizing high-aspect-ratio strikers at short distances under the conditions of high-level disturbances.  
Author:  V. M. Zakharov, S. A. Afanas′eva, and K. V. Kostyushin
Keywords:  separating (detached) fl ows, stabilizer, rod striker, aerodynamic coeffi cients, steadiness of fl ight, compression shock, shadowgraph of fl uid fl ow
Page:  585

PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSES IN GAS–AIR SYSTEMS OF PISTON ENGINES UNDER GASDYNAMIC-NONSTATIONARITY CONDITIONS

It is well known that as of today, internal combustion engines are the most widespread energy sources among heat engines. Therefore, one relevant problem in the development of world energy is to improve operating processes, and also to modernize systems and elements of piston internal combustion engines with the aim of improving their technical and economic indices. In the present paper, the authors have given new information on nonstationary gasdynamics and local heat transfer of pulsating fl ows in gas–air fl ow ducts of internal combustion engines, and also have proposed methods for improving the processes in intake and exhaust systems. Experimental investigations were conducted on full-scale models of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine with supercharging and without it. Physical features of pulsations of gas fl ows in the engines′ gas–air fl ow ducts have been described. Calculated and experimental dependences of the change in the instantaneous velocity and the pressure of the gas fl ow in the gas–air fl ow ducts with time have been presented. Particular emphasis was placed on an analysis of the intensity of heat transfer in gas–air fl ow ducts of different confi gurations. It has been shown that lateral profi ling of intake and exhaust pipelines exerts a positive infl uence on the technical and economic indices of piston engines without supercharging. A method to reduce pulsations of the pressure and velocity of gas fl ows (on the average, by a factor of 2) in the intake pipeline of a supercharged internal combustion engine has been proposed, which leads to an improvement of the reliability of the entire engine.  
Author:  L. V. Plotnikov, B. P. Zhilkin, and Yu. M. Brodov
Keywords:  piston engine, gas–air systems, turbosupercharging, pulsating fl ows, nonstationary gasdynamics, local heat transfer, improvement of gas exchange.
Page:  594

HEAT TRANSFER IN THE SLIP FLOW WITH AXIAL HEAT CONDUCTION IN A MICROCHANNEL WITH WALLS HAVING A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE

The problem on thermally developed laminar slip gas fl ow with axial heat conduction in a microchannel (a micropipe or a parallel-plate microchannel) with walls having a constant temperature was solved analytically with the use of the self-adjoint formalism method involving the rearrangement of the energy equation for this fl ow into a system of two partial differential equations of the fi rst order. The temperature distribution and Nusselt numbers in such a fl ow have been determined on the assumption that it is hydrodynamically fully developed in the region of the thermal entrance of a microchannel. The data obtained show that the heat transfer in this fl ow is substantially dependent on the axial heat conduction in it and its rarefaction  
Author:  Y. Haddout, A. Oubarra, and J. Lahjomri
Keywords:  heat transfer, forced convection, slip fl ow, axial heat conduction, rarefaction, self-adjoint formalism
Page:  605

SPECIAL FEATURES OF NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF A POLYMER SOLUTION ON LARGE PERIODIC DEFORMATIONS

Study of the behavior of polymer solution fl ows in the region of nonlinear viscoelasticity allows one to more accurately evaluate the adequacy of rheological models and to describe the rheological properties of a material in more detail. The nonlinear viscoelastic properties manifesting themselves in the process of studying the behavior of a polymer material on signifi cant deformations were investigated with the aid of time dependences of shear stresses calculated at different amplitudes. The present work considers the applicability of the modifi ed Vinogradov–Pokrovskii rheological model to describing the oscillating shearing of polymer fl uids with a large amplitude. It has been established that on increase of the deformation amplitude, the shear stresses cease to be a true harmonic, and one observes the appearance of a "step" on their left front, which speaks of the substantial nonlinearity in the behavior of the sample. The obtained theoretical dependences are compared with experimental data for a 5% solution of polyethylene oxide in dimethyl sulfoxide. The comparison was made as by plotting the time dependences of normalized stresses, so by analyzing Lissajous fi gures. Despite the simplicity, the modifi ed Vinogradov–Pokrovskii rheological model adequately describes the behavior of polymer materials on signifi cant periodic deformations.  
Author:  G. V. Pyshnograi, N. A. Cherpakova, and H. N. A. Al Jodac
Keywords:  rheology, rheological model, nonlinear viscoelasticity, oscillations, shear, polymer solutions
Page:  617

LOCALIZATION OF GROUND, CROWN, AND COMBINED FOREST FIRES WITH THE USE OF A BARRIER STRIP

A comparative analysis of the results of experimental investigations on determination of the conditions necessary and suffi cient for the localization of ground, crown, and combined forest fi res with the use of a barrier strip of moistened forest materials has been performed. The rational volumes of water used for the formation of such a strip in front of a forest fi re and its sizes were determined. Different variants of localization of fl ame combustion and thermal decomposition of forest combustible materials depending on the action of an air fl ow (wind) on them were analyzed.  
Author:  A. O. Zhdanova, I. S. Voitkov, G. V. Kuznetsov, I. R. Khasanov,b N. E. Shlegel′, and N. P. Kopylov
Keywords:  ground, crown, and combined forest fi res, forest combustible materials, hotbed of fi re, barrier strip, fi re extinguishing
Page:  626

IGNITION OF FOREST COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS BY A GROUP OF CRYSTALLIZING METAL PARTICLES

The physical mechanism of igniting a layer of forest combustible materials by a group of crystallizing metal particles of fairly small sizes (smaller than 3–4 mm) was determined. Results of a statistical treatment of data on the induction period between the fi rst and second microfl ame in such a layer and on the instants of time these hotbeds of fi re begin to grow are presented. It is shown that the indicated ignition process is probabilistic in character, and recommendations are given for the development of its mathematical model.  
Author:  N. V. Baranovskii
Keywords:  forest combustible materials, ignition, crystallizing metal particle, electric discharge
Page:  635

ANALYZING THE USE OF ADVANCED PROPELLANTS IN ARTILLERY AND GUN SYSTEMS FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA OBTAINED UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF A MODEL BALLISTIC INSTALLATION

On the basis of an experimental and theoretical approach, the authors have considered an algorithm for modeling the behavior of advanced propellants in barreled systems of varying caliber. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to conduct preliminary investigations into the possibility of using advanced fast-burning propellants in the existing barreled systems and in advanced systems of varying calibers and for various purposes. A possible increment in the muzzle velocity of a projectile due to the advanced propellants added to the propellant powder charge is assessed without full-scale testing  
Author:  A. N. Ishchenko, V. V. Burkin, V. Z. Kasimov, A. S. D′yachkovskii, K. S. Rogaev, N. M. Samorokova, and A. I. Zykova
Keywords:  barreled systems, advanced propellants, traveling charge, composite charge, shot modeling
Page:  641

MODIFICATION OF CEMENT CONCRETE BY ADMIXTURES CONTAINING NANOSIZED MATERIALS

Experimental studies of several types of nanomaterials (nanosilica, nanocarbon) and comparison of the results of their applications in cement concrete have been carried out. It has been established that the characteristics of cement concrete modifi ed by these nanomaterials depend on the content of the latter in concrete. The best results were obtained with an additive in which the said nanomaterials were used simultaneously  
Author:  S. A. Zhdanok, V. V. Potapov, E. N. Polonina, and S. N. Leonovich
Keywords:  aqueous sol of nanosilica, carbon nanotubes, superplasticizer, heavy-weight concrete, strength
Page:  648

ASSESSING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DROPLETS OBTAINED IN A CENTRIFUGAL MASS-EXCHANGE APPARATUS

Consideration has been given to the basic mechanisms of fragmentation of droplets in the system "liquid–liquid" in fi lm fl ow over the working surface of the rotor of a centrifugal mass-exchange apparatus. The authors have assessed theoretically the sizes of dispersed-phase droplets on separation of the liquid fi lm from the rotor′s working surface and its arrival at a toroidal clearance between the intake tube and the rotor of the apparatus. It has been established that the greatest infl uence on the formation of the particle-size distribution of an emulsion is exerted by shear stresses in the liquid that arise in the toroidal clearance. The infl uence of the rotor speed and the rate of fl ow of the liquid on the size distribution of droplets of the obtained emulsion has been shown. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental data has been confi rmed experimentally  
Author:  A. A. Kukhlenko, M. S. Vasilishin, S. E. Orlov, A. G. Karpov,a D. B. Ivanova, O. S. Ivanov, and P. P. Ivanov
Keywords:  centrifugal mass-exchange apparatus, emulsifi cation, droplet diameter, dispersion, shear stresses, fi lm liquid fl ow.
Page:  653

NONSTATIONARY STEAM–OXYGEN GASIFICATION OF SOLID FUEL IN A FIXED BED UNDER PRESSURE

A two-dimensional model of nonstationary steam–oxygen gasifi cation of solid fuel in a fi xed bed has been constructed, which took into account the interphase convective heat transfer, radiative-conductive heat transfer of the solid phase, radiative and conductive heat transfer of the bed with the reactor wall, heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions, gravity force, and the aerodynamic drag force. The infl uence of the process parameters on the thermochemical treatment of the Shubarkol′ bituminous long-fl ame coal under a pressure of 3 MPa at ratios of the mass fractions of the steam–oxygen mixture components H2O/O2 = 45/55, 40/60, and 72/28 was studied.  
Author:  B. B. Rokhman
Keywords:  fi xed bed, coal, heat conduction, heat transfer, steam–oxygen gasifi cation, conductive and radiative heat transfer, temperature, chemical reactions
Page:  664

DEPENDENCE OF THE PYROCARBON STRUCTURE ON THE PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESS OF PYROLYSIS OF HYDROCARBON GASES IN AN ELECTROTHERMAL FLUIDIZED BED

One of the variants of the nuclear reactors with increased passive protection being designed at the present time is the reactor with fuel microelements (coated particles) and ball fuel elements. Among the principal components of this type of nuclear fuel is pyrocarbon. Owing to its unique properties, pyrocarbon can also be used in various scientifi c and industrial areas. Over several years, at the Institute of Gas of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, investigations were carried out on obtaining pyrocarbon coatings by means of pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases in reactors with an electrothermal fl uidized bed. Based on theoretical and experimental data, the present article considers the dependence of the structure of a pyrocarbon coating on the pyrolysis process parameters. Comparing experimental data with theoretical results depending on the temperature and concentration of gaseous hydrocarbon, the structure of the pyrocarbon deposited in an electrothermal fl uidized bed can be divided into three forms: laminar, isotropic, and granular (dropping). Among the factors that infl uence the process of carbon deposition are the content of admixtures and point overheating (cathode spots). Admixtures (mainly iron compounds) can behave as a catalyst accelerating the process of formation of nanotubes and nanofi bers. Controlling the temperature and composition of the original material, it is possible to obtain certain allotropic modifi cations of carbon with assigned structure  
Author:  K. V. Semeiko, S. S. Kustovskyi, S. V. Kupriyanchuk, and R. E. Chumak
Keywords:  pyrocarbon, electrothermal fl uidized bed, pyrolysis, hydrocarbon gases
Page:  677

OPTIMIZATION OF THE PASSIVE REGIME OF ARTIFICIAL FREEZING OF A WATER-SATURATED ROCK MASS

An iteration computational algorithm is presented for optimization of the passive regime of artifi cial freezing of a water-saturated rock mass, which is the longest and most cost-intensive stage in the process of shaft excavation and carriage installation. The optimization is implemented by solving the inverse problem of determination of the heat fl ux on the boundary of a freezing well in a horizontal rock layer. Heat transfer in the rock layer is considered with account taken of the phase transition of the fi rst kind on the basis of the Stefan problem in a two-dimensional formulation. The developed algorithm is based on the principle of descriptive regularization and the optimization method of steepest descent. In the algorithm, the target functional gradient and the parameters of optimization of the problem′s solution are determined from the solution of a conjugate problem for temperature increment. Using the proposed algorithm, optimum regimes of passive freezing for rock layers with different thermal and physical characteristics under varied initial conditions have been obtained.  
Author:  M. S. Zhelnin, O. A. Plekhov, and L. Yu. Levin
Keywords:  freezing of soils, ice wall, inverse Stefan problem, descriptive regularization, steepest-descent method
Page:  685

DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND HEIGHT OF THE BLOCKS OF COUNTERCURRENT COOLING TOWER SPRINKLERS

The problem of calculating the thermal effi ciency of the liquid and gaseous phases in a countercurrent fi lm-type cooling tower has been solved. From the joint solution of the heat balance equation and expressions for the thermal effi ciencies of the cooling tower liquid and gaseous phases, the relationship between the effi ciencies of water cooling and air heating in the blocks of sprinklers has been established. At the given temperature regime of water cooling and thermodynamic state of moist air, the thermal effi ciency of the liquid phase was determined and then the obtained relation was used to determine the thermal effi ciency of the gas phase to be provided by the blocks of sprinklers. To calculate the effi ciency of the blocks of sprinklers, a cellular model of fl ow structure was used. An expression is obtained for calculating the height of the blocks at the given effi ciency of the gas phase and construction characteristics of packing and of water and air fl ow rates. Agreement with experimental data is shown, and the algorithm of calculation is given.  
Author:  A. G. Laptev and E. A. Lapteva
Keywords:  fl ow structure, regular packings, fi lm-type cooling towers, thermal effi ciency
Page:  693

LOOP HEAT PIPES WITH A STEAM JET PUMP

Some confi gurations of cooling systems based on two-phase loops with control of the fl ow rate of the liquid and steam in them as well as experimental data obtained with these systems are presented. A model of an ejector-assisted loop heat pipe has been developed, and the results of calculations with it were compared with the corresponding experimental data  
Author:  V. Kiseev and O. Sazhin
Keywords:  heat transfer device, two-phase loop, steam jet condensation, steam jet pump, ejector-assisted loop heat pipe
Page:  700

CALCULATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF RETICULAR MATERIALS BASED ON A GLASSY CARBON BY ITS OPTICAL CONSTANTS DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY

Results of experimental investigation of the spectrum of optical constants of a glassy carbon produced in Russia and of mathematical simulation, with them, of the spectral, kinetic, and thermophysical characteristics of composite reticular materials based on this carbon are presented. The investigations were performed with compacted samples of a composite reticular glassy carbon identical in physical properties to the glassy carbon forming the basis of highly porous cellular materials. By the hemispherical radiant refl ectivity of these samples, illuminated at a right angle, the spectra of optical constants (the refractive index and the absorption coeffi cient) of the glassy carbon forming their basis were determined using the Kramers–Kronig relations, and a number of spectral characteristics of the composite reticular glassy carbon, related to these constants, were calculated by the simple approximate relations derived by us. The thickness of the skin layer in the samples of this composite was estimated, and some features of the interaction of the material of their fragments with an electromagnetic radiation were determined. The data on the spectral characteristics of the composite reticular glassy carbon were integrated into the statistical model developed earlier on the basis of the exact electromagnetic theory for simulating the optical properties of reticular materials having an ultrahigh porosity. This model allows one to estimate the features of the microstructure of such a material and the physical processes proceeding in it at different spatial and time scales. Results of calculations of the spectral and kinetic coeffi cients of the radiative transfer equation, the scattering indicatrix, the heat radiative conductivity, and the total heat conduction of the composite reticular glassy carbon are presented. The possibilities of the model proposed are demonstrated.  
Author:  O. M. Alifanov, V. V. Cherepanov, A. G. Shchurik, and R. A. Mironov
Keywords:  reticular glassy carbon, optical constants, experiment, spectral and kinetic coeffi cients, thermophysical properties, simulation
Page:  710

HEAT CONDUCTION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS BASED ON MgAl2O4 AND ZnAl2O4

Optically transparent samples of ceramic materials based on the magnesium aluminate and zinc aluminate spinels of density close to the theoretically attainable one have been obtained, and their heat conductivity was measured in the temperature range 50–300 K. It is shown that the heat conductivities of these ceramic materials at room temperature are close and fall within the range 17–18 W/(m·K). At a cryogenic temperature (T = 50 K), the heat conductivity of the ceramic materials based on the zinc aluminate spinel (180 W/(m·K)) is much higher than the heat conductivity of the ceramic materials based on the magnesium aluminate spinel (122 W/(m·K)). The absolute heat conductivities of the ceramic materials based on the indicated spinels are dependent on the sintering additives used in their production.  
Author:  S. S. Balabanov, A. V. Belyaev, and P. A. Popov
Keywords:  spinel, magnesium aluminate, zinc aluminate, heat conductivity
Page:  719

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF PIPES WITH UNIFORM CONTINUOUS ROUGHNESS OF VARYING PROFILE

Results of experimental investigation into the hydraulic resistance to the air fl ow in pipes with cut metric triangular, rectangular, and round threads have been presented. The height of the thread profi le varied from 0.25 to 1.25 mm. Conditions have been identifi ed for the occurrence of a regime with full manifestation of roughness when the hydraulic resistance coeffi cient is independent of the Reynolds number. It has been established that the highest resistance is demonstrated by pipes with a rectangular thread. Generalizing relations have been obtained for calculating the dependence of the hydraulic resistance coeffi cient of the pipes on the relative roughness of their surface Δ (0.008–0.055) and the Reynolds number (6000–250,000).  
Author:  A. V. Zlobin and S. É. Tarasevich
Keywords:  hydraulic resistance, metric thread, roughness
Page:  725

SIMULATION OF TWO-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN THE DIGITAL MODEL OF A PORE SPACE OF SANDSTONE AT DIFFERENT SURFACE TENSIONS

A study is made of the infl uence of surface tension on two-phase drainage fl ows in a porous medium. Computational fi ltration experiments are conducted in a three-dimensional digital microtomographic model of sandstone. To simulate two-phase fl ows, use is made of lattice Boltzmann equations; interfacial phenomena and wetting effects are described using the color-gradient-based method. Calculations are carried out at the same rate of injection of a nonwetting fl uid and at a ratio of the viscosities of nonwetting and wetting phases of 1:10. Results are obtained according to which growth in the interfacial tension contributes to the rise in the effi ciency of displacement of the wetting fl uid, which is recorded at the moment the injected phase breaks through, and to the decrease in the effi ciency after its breakthrough. It is established that distinctive features of fl ows with capillary fi ngering that arise at high surface tensions are the stepwise character of travel of the leading front and the growth of displacement channels in directions different from the hydrodynamic pressure difference. It is shown that interfacial tension is a parameter whose variation enables us to change the type of two-phase fl ow. Increase in the interfacial tension contributes to the transition of the fl ow with viscous fi ngering to a fl ow with capillary fi ngering. The effi ciency of displacement of the wetting fl uid in the transition crossover zone is the lowest.  
Author:  T. R. Zakirov and M. G. Khramchenkov
Keywords:  two-phase fl ows, surface tension, digital core, simulation, lattice Boltzmann equations (method), capillary fi ngers
Page:  733

SEMICOMMERCIAL DESALINATION OF WATER BY THE METHOD OF CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION

Investigations into the parameters of a CDI desalinator operating according to a two-step demineralization scheme have been conducted. The process of desalination has been analyzed in conjunction with electrophysical measurements. Various capabilities of postproduction tuning of demineralizer regimes have been demonstrated: recuperation of part of the energy of the dischargeable CDI cell to a chargeable one, reduction in the discharge period due to the application of reverse polarity voltage pulses, and rise in the effi ciency by organizing the procedure of taking account of the actual voltage on working electrodes inside the CDI cell. The potential for raising the output of the desalinator has been indicated.  
Author:  desalination, salt solution, volume deionization, porous electrode, sorption of ions, degree of desalination, energy effi ciency
Keywords:  S. A. Zhdanok, A. S. Zhdanok, A. G. Chervyak, E. A. Matveichik, and S. V. Shushkov
Page:  743

FLUIDIZATION OF A MULTICOMPONENT BED IN A REACTOR FOR CO-TORREFACTION OF WASTE COAL AND BIOMASS

A study has been made of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the transition of a multicomponent bed consisting of coal sludge and straw pellets to a fl uidized state. It has been shown that increase in the fraction of large particles (pellets) in the bed leads to a decrease in its relative height and in the amplitude of pulsations of the pressure difference in it; this contributes to the rise in the degree of conversion of chemical reations occurring in the bed. The possibility of assessing the minimum fl uidization velocity of a multicomponent bed from the dependence of the standard deviation of a pulsation of the pressure difference in it on the velocity of air blown though the bed has been proved.  
Author:  R. L. Is′yomin, S. N. Kuz′min, A. V. Mikhalyov, O. Yu. Milovanov, D. V. Klimov, A. V. Nebyvaev, and V. V. Khaskhachikh
Keywords:  torrefaction, fl uidization, coal sludges, biomass, multicomponent bed.
Page:  750

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