Volume 93, №5


ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION FOR THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE PARTICLE VELOCITY IN A TURBULENT FLOW

A study has been made of the random motion of inertial particles in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent gas fl ow. Fluctuations of the gas velocity along the particle path were modeled by the Gaussian random process with a fi nite time of degeneracy of the autocorrelation function. A closed equation has been obtained for the probability density function of the particle velocity, for which two methods of numerical solution have been proposed: using the fi nitedifference scheme and using one based on direct numerical modeling of an empirical probability density function. The empirical probability density function was obtained as a result of the averaging of random particle paths, which are a solution of a system of ordinary stochastic differential equations. The results of numerical calculation have been compared with the analytical solution describing the dynamics of the probability density function of the particle-velocity distribution.  
Author:  I. V. Derevich and A. K. Klochkov
Keywords:  probability density function, stochastic ordinary differential equation, two-phase turbulence, difference scheme, autocorrelation function, Green′s function, direct numerical modeling
Page:  1043

MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF THE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THE MOVEMENT OF LIQUID DROPLETS IN A GAS MEDIUM UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THEIR INTENSE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS

A physical and mathematical model of the movement of a liquid droplet in a high-temperature air fl ow has been formulated with regard for the main factors of this movement: the inertia of the droplet, its viscous friction, the surface tension of the liquid in it, the air drag, the gravity, lift, and Magnus forces acting on the droplet, its turbophoresis and thermophoresis, the convective heat fl ows inside the droplet, the turbulence and compressibility of the carrying medium, the concentration of the dispersed phase in it, the nonstationarity of the movement of the droplet, its phase transformations, the collisions of the droplet with the neighboring liquid droplets in the gas fl ow, the partial fragmentation of the droplet, and its breakdown. Numerical and experimental investigations of the infl uence of the indicated factors on the velocity of movement, the heating, and the intensity of evaporation of a liquid droplet in a high-temperature gas medium have been performed. The results of these investigations were generalized for determining the possible applications of the model developed.  
Author:  D. V. Antonov, G. V. Kuznetsov, and P. A. Strizhak
Keywords:  heat and mass transfer, gas medium, liquid droplet, phase transformations, high-temperature heating, mathematical simulation
Page:  1055

INFLUENCE OF COOLING MEDIUM FLOW CHARACTER ON THE OPERATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS WITH STEAM CONDENSATION INSIDE TUBES

The infl uence of the character of cooling medium motion in a heat exchanging apparatus on the process of steam condensation in the latter is considered in the cases of cross fl ow past a tube bank in the apparatus, longitudinal fl ow past tubes in the bank in the regimes of forward fl ow and countercurrent fl ow, superheated steam condensation, and of nonuniform distribution of the cooling medium in different zones of the apparatus. It has been established that in the case of cross fl ow past the fi rst rows of the tube bank, cooling medium zones with reduced heat transfer effi ciency appear in the apparatus. The dependence of the pressure losses by the steam, which condenses in a heat exchanger in regimes of countercurrent fl ow, forward fl ow, and cross fl ow, is investigated. Experimental data on the superheated steam temperature have been obtained and generalized. The positive infl uence of the throttle on the line of removal of the steam–air mixture to a steam–jet ejector in nonuniform cooling of the parallel channels of the condenser has been established experimentally, and the presence of the optimal size of the throttle on the line of removal of noncondensing gases has been confi rmed.  
Author:  O. O. Mil′man, S. A. Isaev, A. V. Ptakhin, A. V. Kondrat′ev, A. Yu. Kartuesova, and V. S. Krylov
Keywords:  tube bank, steam condensation, superheated steam, nonuniform cooling, countercurrent fl ow, forward fl ow, throttle, noncondensing gases
Page:  1077

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WETTING OF PARTS OF A VAPOR CHAMBER

A study has been made of conditions for the electrochemical deposition of copper on copper plates and of the infl uence of the microroughness of their surface on the wetting of the plates. This permitted determining the optimum regimes of deposition of coatings on elements of vapor chambers with the aim of creating such elements with controlled wetting properties.  
Author:  O. L. Voitik, K. I. Delendik, N. V. Kolyago, and L. Yu. Roshchin
Keywords:  microroughness, contact wetting angle, hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings, wetting hysteresis, electrochemical deposition
Page:  1089

CALCULATION OF THE THERMOHYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY OF POROUS DIRECT-FLOW STEAM-GENERATING CHANNELS

Results of calculation of the effi ciency of porous direct-fl ow steam-generating channels in the transition region of motion of a heat-transfer agent with boundary conditions of the fi rst kind have been presented. The obtained data have been compared with the results of calculations for a smooth-walled tube. It has been shown that positive values of geometric coeffi cients of effi ciency of such a channel can be obtained when water is used as the heat-transfer agent. For the investigated parametric range of the indicated channels, no positive values of energy coeffi cients of effi ciency were found. The dependences of the effi ciency coeffi cients of a porous model channel on its basic operating-structural parameters have been analyzed.  
Author:  A. P. Lukisha
Keywords:  thermohydraulic effi ciency, porous steam-generating channels, heat-transfer agent, water, boundary conditions of the fi rst kind
Page:  1096

ON SELECTING A POINT FOR INJECTION OF A SEPARATED MIXTURE INTO A MULTICOMPONENT-RECTIFICATION COLUMN

Consideration has been given to the problem on selecting a point for injection of a separated mixture into a multicomponent-rectifi cation column in accordance with the dissipation minimum condition during the mixing of refl ux and mixture streams. An estimate for the minimum entropy production in mixing has been found. The manner in which the irreversibility of the process of mixing at the injection point affects the region of permissible regimes of the column has been shown. An algorithm for calculating the concentration profi le of the mixture′s components over the column height has been proposed.  
Author:  A. I. Balunov, I. A. Sukin, and A. M. Tsirlinb
Keywords:  rectifi cation, optimization thermodynamics, entropy production, point of injection of a separated mixture, dissipation
Page:  1108

FORMATION OF MONODISPERSE AND NARROW DISPERSE ENSEMBLES OF DROPLETS OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC SOLUTIONS IN THE VAPOR OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS

The equilibrium state of solution droplets formed in the vapor of volatile components has been considered. The criterion of equilibrium of the solution droplets and the vapor of volatile organic compounds has been given, on whose basis the droplet size was estimated quantitatively as a function of the partial pressure of the components. In accordance with a thermodynamic description, the droplet size was unambiguously determined by the composition of a gas medium. The equilibrium state (radius and concentration) of droplets of ideal and real binary solutions has been compared at the same composition of the gas medium. It has been shown that the droplet size of the real solutions with a positive deviation from ideality exceeds the droplet size of the ideal solution, and the droplet size of the real solutions with a negative deviation from ideality is smaller than that of the ideal solution. The described regularities have been illustrated by microscopic photographs demonstrating the forming of an ensemble of secondary droplets  
Author:  V. B. Fedoseev and E. N. Fedoseeva
Keywords:  disperse system, liquid–vapor equilibrium, droplets, ideal and real solutions, dimensional effect, condensation, evaporation
Page:  1116

THERMAL INTERACTION OF A GAS WELL CLUSTER WITH PERMAFROST ROCKS OF THE MOST PROMISING DEPOSITS OF CENTRAL YAKUTIYA

The results of a numerical experiment to determine the thermal impact of a gas well cluster on permafrost rocks are given for the conditions of four deposits of Central Yakutiya, Middle-Vilyuy (Srednevilyuiskoe), Middle-Tyung (Srednetyungskoe), Sobolokh–Nidzhili (Sobolokh-Nidzhilinskoe), and Tolon–Mastakh (Tolon-Mastakhskoe). An approximate mathematical problem is solved in a conjugate formulation. In this case, the process of melting of permafrost rocks is described within the framework of a three-dimensional Stefan problem, and the motion of real gas in wells is described within the framework of tubular hydraulics. Use has been made of real data for temperature well logging, formation pressure and temperature, well fl ow rate, gas composition, and thermophysical properties of rocks. The melting of frozen rock depending on the depth and time has been calculated, and instants of time for linkage of thaw zones of neighboring wells have also been computed.  
Author:  V. A. Ivanov and I. I. Rozhin
Keywords:  permafrost rocks, gas well cluster, Stefan problem, mathematical modeling
Page:  1123

GAS DYNAMICS OF THE PROCESS OF SEPARATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS INTO FRACTIONS BY SPECIFIC WEIGHT

A mathematical model of the process of separation of granular materials by specifi c weight in fl uidized beds has been constructed on the basis of the conservation equations of mass and momentum of the heterogeneous media mechanics. Computational and physical experiments on studying the separation process have been carried out. The regime and design parameters of the apparatus that ensure the needed degree of granular material separation into fractions have been determined.  
Author:  F. G. Akhmadiev
Keywords:  mathematical model, gas dynamics, separation, specifi c weight, granular material, fl uidized bed
Page:  1131

GENERATION OF A FINE AEROSOL IN A CAVITATION REGIME

Consideration is given to the problem of atomization of fi ne aerosols using atomizers of special designs that implement a cavitation regime. The formation of a fi ne aerosol is studied with the model of a pulse atomizer utilizing HEM energy and the model of an atomizer with a special nozzle to create counterfl ows. For these atomizers, the role of cavitation in obtaining a fi ne liquid aerosol is shown. A mathematical model is proposed which describes the processes of genesis of an aerosol cloud. Estimates of the critical pressure are obtained for the development of cavitation, the outfl ow velocity, and the resulting size of droplets as functions of the geometric parameters of the atomizers, the pressure in the structure, and the physicochemical properties of the liquid. Experimental investigations of the dispersion and concentration of aerosol particles are carried out using optical methods of measurement. Results of measuring the dispersion parameters of an aerosol in the process of cavitation atomization of liquids are presented.  
Author:  O. B. Kudryashova, E. V. Muravlev, and B. I. Vorozhtsov
Keywords:  cavitation, fi ne aerosol, pulse atomizer, arc nozzle
Page:  1138

SIMULATION OF THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION OF A GAS–LIQUID MIXTURE IN THE BED–WELL CONJUGATE SYSTEM

An integral mathematical model of the process of nonstationary fi ltration of a gas–liquid mixture has been constructed, and solutions of the obtained coupled equations have been given. The obtained analytical formula permits determining the dynamics of bottomhole pressure and the reservoir productivity as functions of the parameters of a system.  
Author:  É. M. Abbasov, T. S. Kengerli, and N. R. Abdullaeva
Keywords:  integral model, conjugate system, differential equations, fi ltration, Laplace transform, inverse transform, fluid.
Page:  1147

RIEMANN AND SHOCK WAVES IN A POROUS LIQUID-SATURATED GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR MEDIUM

Within the framework of the classical Biot theory, the propagation of plane longitudinal waves in a porous liquidsaturated medium is considered with account for the nonlinear connection between deformations and displacements of solid phase. It is shown that the mathematical model accounting for the geometrical nonlinearity of the medium skeleton can be reduced to a system of evolution equations for the displacements of the skeleton of medium and of the liquid in pores. The system of evolution equations, in turn, depending on the presence of viscosity, is reduced to the equation of a simple wave or to the equation externally resembling the Burgers equation. The solution of the Riemann equation is obtained for a bell-shaped initial profi le; the characteristic wave breaking is shown. In the second case, the solution is found in the form of a stationary shock wave having the profi le of a nonsymmetric kink. The relationship between the amplitude and width of the shock wave front has been established. It is noted that the behavior of nonlinear waves in such media differs from the standard one typical of dissipative nondispersing media, in which the propagation of waves is described by the classical Burgers equation.  
Author:  V. I. Erofeev and A. V. Leont′eva
Keywords:  porous medium (Biot medium), geometrical nonlinearity, evolution equation, Riemann wave, generalized Burgers equation, stationary shock wave
Page:  1156

INFLUENCE OF THE SEQUENCE OF ROTOR APPARATUS CYLINDERS DISPOSITION ON CERTAIN LAWS GOVERNING THE APPARATUS OPERATION

Theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out on determination of the effect exerted by the geometrical parameters of the operational elements of a multicylinder rotor apparatus, regime parameters of processing and fl ow rate of the processed medium on the disperse composition of the droplets of emulsions formed in the radial clearance between the cylinders of the rotor and stator. It has been established that the power dissipation in the radial clearance of the apparatus depends greatly both on the order of cylinders disposition in the operational elements of the apparatus and on the fl ow rate of processed medium. The greatest effi ciency of the process of emulsifi cation in the rotor apparatus is attained under conditions where the circumferential velocity profi le has a large curvature near the rotor surface. It has been established that obtaining such kind of profi le is enhanced by an increase in the rate of fl ow of the processed medium through the apparatus in the case if the inner cylinder in the "rotor–stator" pair is the cylinder of the stator, and conversely by a decrease in the rate of fl ow if the inner cylinder is the cylinder of the rotor  
Author:  A. A. Kukhlenko and M. S. Vasilishin
Keywords:  rotor apparatus, emulsifi cation, fl ow in the clearance, power dissipation, diameter of droplets
Page:  1163

ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF PRESSURE DELAY TIME IN OBSERVATION WELLS DURING PULSE TESTING OF FORMATIONS

In using the method of pulse testing of formations, a pressure pulse is generated in an active well by changing the regime of its operation; the pulse propagates across the formation and is registered in an observation well. Based on the results of processing the obtained dependence of pressure in the well shaft on time equated with formation pressure dependence on time at the point of location of the observation well, the formation parameters are determined by comparison with certain analytical relations. It is taken into consideration that the pressure in the well shaft of the observation well follows the variation of the formation pressure in the vicinity of the observation well with some delay due to the processes of fi ltration mass transfer of liquid between the well shaft and its wellbore area. Mathematical analysis of this mass transfer process presented in this paper shows that the delay time may be 4–5 h or more, depending on the parameters of the formation and formation fl uid, which determines the marked difference between the curves of the pressure in the shaft of the observation well and the formation pressure. In this investigation, we obtained an analytical expression of delay time making it possible to correctly reproduce the dependence of formation pressure on time and, accordingly, to raise the reliability of data from the analysis of the results of formation pulse testing.  
Author:  A. M. Svalov
Keywords:  formation pulse testing, formation parameters, observation well, delay time, formation pressure
Page:  1175

GASDYNAMIC AND ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBSONIC JET-EDGE ROD GENERATOR OF ACOUSTIC RADIATION

The design of a subsonic jet-edge rod generator of the Hartmann-type oscillator and a scheme of measuring its acoustic parameters are presented. In this generator, unlike the Hartmann oscillator, not a cylindrical gas jet but an annular gas jet, moving along the thin cylindrical rod positioned at the axis of the generator nozzle, is used. A parametric investigation of the gasdynamic and acoustic processes arising in the tubular cavity of such a generator as a result of the interaction of a subsonic gas jet with this cavity has been performed with consideration for the nonstationary structure of the gas fl ow in the generator cavity. Recommendations on the choice of the design of a jet-edge rod generator of acoustic radiation with regard for its practical application are given.  
Author:  K. N. Volkov, V. N. Emel′yanov, A. V. Efremov, and A. I. Tsvetkov
Keywords:  jet-edge rod generator, Hartmann effect, acoustics, subsonic gas jet, generation of sound, amplitudefrequency characteristics
Page:  1179

DYNAMICS OF DETONATION WAVES IN CYLINDRICAL CHANNELS OF VARIABLE CROSS SECTION

A bubble liquid with a fuel mixture of gases is an explosive in which a detonation wave with an amplitude to 100 atm may appear on exposure to a pressure pulse of about 10–20 atm. The mass calorifi c value of such an explosive is six or more orders of magnitude lower than that of regular solid, liquid, and gaseous explosive materials. Furthermore, in fuel liquids containing curtains with vapor-air bubbles, sharp jerks during the transportation may contribute to the formation of detonation waves leading to emergencies. Therefore, studying detonation waves in bubble media is of interest from the viewpoint of ensuring explosion safety and from the viewpoint of the problem of transmission of information in the liquid in the form of waves. In the present work, a numerical study is made of the propagation of detonation waves in a cylindrical channel with a sudden expansion, which is fi lled with bubble liquid. Possible scenarios of the dynamics of detonation waves once they pass into the channel′s expanding part are analyzed. The infl uence of the volume content of the fuel gas and of geometric parameters of the channel on the propagation and separation of a detonation wave is established. It is shown that there can be two regimes of propagation of detonation on passage of a detonation wave into the expanding zone: continuous propagation of detonation and separation of detonation  
Author:  I. K. Gimaltdinov and E. Yu. Kochanova
Keywords:  bubble liquid, waves, two-dimensionality, channel of intricate shape
Page:  1191

DYNAMICS OF THE FLOATING-UP OF A BUBBLE CLUSTE

Results of experimental investigation of the fl oating-up of a cluster of air bubbles in a viscous fl uid by an optical method are presented. A setup has been developed for formation of a compact cluster of monodisperse bubbles with assigned diameter and volume concentration. It is shown that the velocity of the fl oating-up of a cluster of bubbles is higher than the velocity of the fl oating-up of a single bubble and depends on their number, diameter, and the distance between the bubbles. An empirical dependence of the resistance coeffi cient of a cluster of air bubbles fl oating up in glycerin on the Reynolds number has been obtained.  
Author:  V. A. Arkhipov, S. A. Basalaev, K. G. Perfi l′eva, and A. S. Usanina
Keywords:  bubble cluster, resistance coeffi cient, optical method, experimental investigation
Page:  1200

SPACE AND TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VELOCITY AND PRESSURE FIELDS OF THE FLUID FLOW INSIDE A HEMISPHERICAL DIMPLE GENERATOR OF VORTICES

Results of experimental investigations of the space and time characteristics of the velocity and pressure fi elds of the fl uid fl ow inside a hemispherical dimple on a plane plate are presented. Features of the formation and development of vortex strictures in such a dimple and the interaction of these structures with the dimple surface over which the fl uid fl ows and with the boundary layer of the fl uid fl ow were investigated. Integral, spectral, and correlation characteristics of the oscillations of the fl ow velocity and the dynamic and near-wall pressures in the dimple have been obtained. The velocity and direction of transfer of large-scale vortex structures and the frequency of their rotation inside the dimple, the frequency of throw of these structures out of the dimple, the frequencies of the velocity and pressure oscillations of the vortex fl ow in the dimple, the frequency of the self-vibrations of the vortex structures in the shear layer of this fl ow, and the subharmonics and higher-order harmonics of the indicated frequencies were determined.  
Author:  V. A. Voskoboinik,a A. A. Voskoboinik,a V. N. Turik, and A. V. Voskoboinik
Keywords:  hemispherical dimple, vortex structure, velocity and pressure fi elds
Page:  1205

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE DYNAMICS AND DESTRUCTION OF MAGMATIC BOMBS FORMING DURING THE ERUPTION OF SUBMARINE VOLCANOS

Theoretical investigations into the dynamics and destruction of magmatic bombs forming during the eruption of submarine volcanos have been conducted. Continuum mechanics methods have been used for mathematical modeling of the dynamics and destruction of objects under investigation. In this case, it has been assumed that the mechanical behavior of the magmatic bomb material obeys the law of linear elastic deformation of a solid body.  
Author:  V. A. Andrushchenko, V. A. Goloveshkin, I. V. Murashkin, and N. N. Kholin
Keywords:  deep-sea eruption, magmatic bomb, mathematical modeling, linear elasticity, destruction
Page:  1221

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF PIPES WITH UNIFORM CONTINUOUS ROUGHNESS IN THE FORM OF A METRIC THREAD OF VARYING PROFILE AND AN INSERTED TWISTED TAPE

Results of experimental investigations into the hydraulic resistance of pipes with a metric thread of triangular, rectangular, and rounded profi les with an asperity height of 0.25 to 1.25 mm, which is cut inside, in air fl ow and with an inserted twisted tape have been given. The degree of swirling varied in the range from 2.5 to 7. A large data array has been obtained on the hydraulic resistance of pipes with a metric thread of varying profi le and an inserted twisted tape. The infl uence of the Reynolds number Re, the degree of swirling, and the relative roughness height on the hydraulic resistance has been analyzed in the laminar regime of swirling fl ow with macrovortices and in the turbulent regime with macrovortices. Generalized dependences have been obtained for calculating the coeffi cient of hydraulic resistance of pipes with a triangular profi le as a function of the degree of swirling and the relative roughness height at Re = 3000–80,000.  
Author:  A. V. Zlobin and S. É. Tarasevich
Keywords:  hydraulic resistance, metric thread, roughness, fl ow swirl, twisted tape
Page:  1226

VELOCITY FIELD BEHIND A PLATE INSTALLED IN THE INNER REGION OF A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The authors have presented results of an experimental investigation into the velocity fi eld in a turbulent boundary layer behind a thin (0.00045 m) three-dimensional plate. The chord of the plate (streamwise length) was equal to 0.55δ (δ is the boundary-layer thickness), and its width, to 1.0δ. The plate was installed at a zero angle of attack at the center of a water channel at a distance of 0.09δ from the surface. Velocity-fi eld measurements have been performed by the Particle Image Velocimetry method at the Reynolds number Reh = 7750 calculated from the channel half-width and the velocity at the center of the channel. It has been shown that the average velocity increased in a logarithmic region of the boundary layer at a distance of its three thicknesses behind the plate. Longitudinal-velocity pulsations decreased in the buffer region of the boundary layer, but grew in the logarithmic region. Vertical pulsations only decreased to a distance of 0.8δ behind the plate, but downstream they were higher than in an unperturbed boundary layer. The high resolution of the velocity fi eld (50·10–6 m) has made it possible to determine shear stresses on the wall from the velocity gradient in a laminar sublayer. Shear stresses on the surface behind the plate decreased in the interval where a growth in the average velocity in the logarithmic region was noted. Maximum reduction in the shear stresses occurred at a distance of 1.8δ and amounted to ~33%. The infl uence of edge effects was manifested in the less intense reduction on shear stresses in the shorter interval behind the plate.  
Author:  V. L. Zhdanov I. G. Kukharchuk, and V. I. Terekhov
Keywords:  water channel, turbulent boundary layer, shear stresses, PIV
Page:  1233

DETERMINATION OF SEPARATION LOSSES IN THE ROTOR WHEELS OF RADIAL-AXIAL TURBINES

The use of the basic hydrodynamics equations written for the portion of contracted fl ow at the inlet into the vane channel of the rotor wheel of the radial-axial turbines at considerable angles of attack and for the portion of subsequent expansion up to the reattachment of fl ow to the channel walls made it possible to obtain analytical dependences (characteristics) of losses on the angles of fl ow inlet into the channel. The circulation at the inlet into the channel exerts a noticeable infl uence on the actual angle of the fl ow that entered into the channel. The obtained method of calculation of losses also makes it possible to take into account the thickness of the blades, on which the region of insensitivity to the angle of attack depends, and to determine the corresponding angles of the fl ow entry that bound this region. The characteristics of the rotor wheels of radial-axial turbines obtained with the use of the developed method agree well with the known experimental data in a wide range of the angles of attack of fl ow  
Author:  Yu. A. Grishin and V. N. Bakulin
Keywords:  radial-axial turbine, rotor wheel, angle of attack, circulation, separation losses, characteristics
Page:  1240

EXACT SOLUTION FOR ISOTHERMAL FLOW BEHIND A SHOCK WAVE IN A SELF-GRAVITATING GAS OF VARIABLE DENSITY IN AN AZIMUTHAL MAGNETIC FIELD

Similarity solution for the propagation of a spherical shock wave in a self-gravitating perfect gas with an azimuthal magnetic fi eld in the case of isothermal fl ow is investigated. The density and azimuthal magnetic fi eld strength in the ambient medium are assumed to vary and obey power laws. An exact similarity solution obtained using the McVittie method in the case of isothermal fl ow is reported for the fi rst time. The obtained solutions show that the radial fl uid velocity, density, pressure, magnetic fi eld strength, and the mass tend to zero as the point of symmetry is approached. The effects of the changes in the values of the adiabatic exponent γ and the exponent w in the variation of an initial density are considered in detail. It is shown that the magnetic fi eld strength and mass increase with γ, whereas an increase in w exerts the reverse effect on these fl ow variables.  
Author:  G. Nath, Mrityunjoy Dutta, and S. Chaurasia
Keywords:  shock waves, similarity solution, gravitation, perfect gas, magnetogasdynamics, exact solution
Page:  1247

PARAMETRIC STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION INSIDE A PARTITIONED CAVITY IN THE PRESENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD

Steady laminar natural convection fl ow is studied numerically. The fl ow domain is a differentially heated square cavity with two partitions that is exposed to a constant horizontal magnetic fi eld. A fi nite volume-based code is developed by the SIMPLER algorithm. A parametric study is carried out, using different values of the Rayleigh numbers, partition positions, partition heights, and the Hartmann numbers (from zero to 200). It is found that the Nusselt number is an increasing function of the Rayleigh number, but a decreasing function of the partition height and Hartmann number. The position of the partitions affects the streamlines and isotherms, but has a minimal effect on the mean Nusselt number. In addition, the results show that for low partition heights convective heat transfer in a cavity is signifi cant, the braking effect of the Lorentz force is more pronounced, and the mean Nusselt number decreases considerably with increasing magnetic fi eld strength.   
Author:  M. Pirmohammadi and A. Salehi-Shabestari
Keywords:  magnetic fi eld, natural convection, partitioned cavity
Page:  1255

IGNITION OF FOREST COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN A HIGH-TEMPERATURE MEDIUM

The ignition of typical forest combustible materials (birch leaves) at temperatures characteristic of a crown forest fi re was investigated. The dependence of the delay time of ignition of a birch-leaf sheet on the temperature of the surrounding medium was determined, and the mechanism of ignition of leaves in a high-temperature medium was revealed. A mathematical model of classifi cation of forest combustible materials on the basis of experimental data on their properties has been developed.  
Author:  N. V. Baranovskii and V. A. Kirienko
Keywords:  ignition, forest combustible material, crown forest fi re, ignition delay time, experiment, high-temperature medium, mathematical model
Page:  1266

THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE COAGULATION OF ASH PARTICLES IN WASTE GASES DURING THE VIBRATING COMBUSTION OF SOLID BIOFUEL

Consideration has been given to the infl uence of acoustic oscillations on the process of coagulation of soot particles suspended in the fl ow of combustion products of wood and peat. It has been shown that at the characteristic parameters of vibrating combustion of these materials, the main factor of growth of the soot particles in the process of their coagulation is the deposition of small particles well entrained by the gas on large ones that are streamlined by the gas but are poorly entrained by it.  
Author:  O. G. Stonik, V. D. Geshele, and S. A. Kovalev
Keywords:  vibrating combustion, coagulation, environment
Page:  1272

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRICTION AND HEAT EXCHANGE IN VISCOUS-GRAVITATIONAL FLUID FLOW IN A LOOP THERMOSIPHON

Numerical simulation of velocity and temperature fi elds with laminar liquid fl ow in a laboratory experimental loop thermosiphon (natural circulation loop) has been made. A vertical electrically heated pipe served as a lift section. Calculations were carried out for the case of heating the entire length of the pipe under conditions of constant heat fl ux density on the wall. The construction of the loop is considered, in which local pressure losses and friction losses of pressure in the descending pipe are negligibly small in comparison with friction losses of pressure in the ascending section. The object of the analysis is the laminar mode of fl ow. In this regime, in the fl ows originating exclusively under the action of thermogravitational forces, the skin-friction coeffi cient varies in the most sophisticated way along the fl ow. Using the results of calculation of velocity and temperature fi elds, the longitudinal changes of the skin-friction coeffi cients and of heat transfer coeffi cients are determined. As a whole, according to the results of 2D numerical simulation, the skin-friction coeffi cients depend in the main on the change of the velocity gradient on the wall along the fl ow as a result of practically continuous rearrangement of velocity profi le along the entire heating zone. The form of the velocity profi les and the degree of their deformation depend in turn on the heat fl ow density on the wall and on the hydraulic diameter. It is shown that in a single-phase loop of natural circulation (i.e., under conditions where the liquid moves exclusively under the action of thermogravitational forces) the shear stresses on the wall change along the heating zone in a complex way, and the skin-friction coeffi cient cannot be described by the simple dependence of the form ξ = a/Reb for being used in one-dimensional calculations. In all of the calculated regimes, including the one with the least (of those considered) heat fl ux density on the wall, the Nusselt numbers exceeded the stabilized values under the conditions of forced fl ow with constant thermophysical properties. With increase in distance from the entrance into the zone of heating, the Nusselt numbers fi rst decrease monotonically, attain minimum values, and then begin to increase.  
Author:  L. A. Sukomel, O. N. Kaban′kov, and V. B. Ankudinov
Keywords:  thermosiphon loop, viscous-gravitational fl ow, thermogravitational forces, natural circulation, heat exchange, friction, numerical simulation
Page:  1275

NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF DRYING BIOMATERIALS AFTER PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENT USING A SYSTEM OF TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND PRESSURE EQUATIONS

A new method is described to determine the kinetic coeffi cients for temperature, moisture, and pressure potentials based on experimental data of a curve for drying capillary-porous bodies. This method includes numerical modeling of the problem of calculating the potential of transfer of temperature, moisture, and pressure in the process of drying based on the procedure of using the fi nite element method in combination with the stepwise method of fi nite differences for a partial differential system, and an inverse problem formulation in the form of minimizing the residual function square from the obtained experimental curve of the moisture potential. Based on this method, the updated coeffi cients of kinetic potentials were found for many materials after pulsed electric fi eld treatment and dependence curves were restored for temperature and pressure potentials that were not observed in the experiment. The presented approach is quite useful for the study of the mechanism of a drying process with pulsed electric fi eld pretreatment, and for the explanation of the occurring effects, and the updated kinetic coeffi cients based on experimental data contribute to the substantiation of the processes occurring in the object of drying  
Author:  I. A. Shorstkii, V. S. Kosachev, and E. P. Koshevoi
Keywords:  kinetic coeffi cient, inverse problem, heat and mass transfer, drying, potential, numerical modeling, pulsed electric fi eld
Page:  1285

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON VISCOELASTIC FLUID FLOW IN A PLANE CHANNEL

The hydrodynamics of a steady-state nonisothermal fl ow of a viscoelastic polymer medium in a plane channel and heat transfer in it under boundary conditions of the fi rst kind have been investigated. Fluid fl ow with a low Reynolds number and a high Péclet number was investigated, which made it possible to neglect the gravity and inertial forces, as well as the longitudinal thermal conductivity of the medium. From the rheological viewpoint, the polymer melt represents a viscoelastic fl uid; therefore the Phan-Thien–Tanner fl uid model was used as a rheological model of the fl uid, with viscosity depending on temperature and pressure. A high-viscosity medium was considered; therefore a dissipation term was included into the equation of the energy of its fl ow. With the use of the indicated rheological model the velocity profi le of fl uid fl ow was obtained in an explicit form from the equation of fl uid motion. It has been established that the dependence of the fl uid viscosity on temperature and pressure exerts a noticeable infl uence on the distribution of the Nusselt number and of bulk temperature of the fl uid along the channel length. It is shown that account for the temperature dependence of fl uid viscosity leads to a decrease in the role of energy dissipation of its fl ow in the process of fl ow heating and that, conversely, the dependence of the fl uid viscosity on pressure considerably enhances the dissipation effect. The problem has been solved numerically by the method of fi nite differences.  
Author:  A. V. Baranov
Keywords:  viscoelastic fl uid, heat exchange, nonisothermal fl ow, dissipation
Page:  1296

EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF GAS CONDENSATE

The physical and chemical properties of a multicomponent disperse system, viz. gas condensate, are presented. The structural and mechanical properties of the sample and the phase transitions that occur when the pumping temperature decreases at startup and steady fl ow regimes have been determined. The values of the activation energy corresponding to the liquid and quasi-liquid types have been estimated. Optimum temperature values have been obtained for transportation of gas condensate on the Urengoy–Purpe condensate pipeline section with account for the fl ow regime  
Author:  A. A. Boitsova and S. V. Strokin
Keywords:  rheology, gas condensate, structural and mechanical properties, phase transition, activation energy of a viscous fl ow, fl ow regime
Page:  1303

SUBSCRIBE